Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Essay Example

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Essay Reasoning is a method of coming to conclusions by the use of logical argument. There are three basic form of reasoning: inductive, deductive and the combination of both called inductive/deductive (Walliman Baiche, 2001). Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is one method of reasoning that researchers use. It is based on making a conclusion or generalization based on a limited number of observations. Thus, it produces from the specific to the general. All research that makes inference or generalizations about the results of a study uses inductive reasoning (Berg Latin, 2008). According to American Psychological association (2009), â€Å"Inductive reasoning is the form of reasoning in which inferences and general principles are drawn from specific observations and cases. Inductive reasoning is the counter stone of scientific method in that it underlies the process of developing hypothesis from particular facts or observation† (p. 246). The conclusions drawn from inductive reasoning are always probable rather than absolute and the degree of probability of any conclusion is the product of the degree of probability granted to each premise (Sprague, Stuart Bodary, 2010). Occurrence of qualifying phrase like , ‘so it seems’, ‘it is likely that’ , ‘it is reasonable to conclude, or probably indicates the support lended to the conclusion , therefore it’s an inductive argument (Bell, Staines, Michell, 2001) . Moreover, its logical form cannot be so neatly encapsulated in a three-line format (Walliman Baiche, 2001). Examples When chimpanzees are exposed to rage, they tend to become violent. Humans are similar to chimpanzees, and therefore they tend to get violent when exposed to rage. The woman in the neighboring apartment has a shrill voice. I can hear a shrill voice from outside, therefore the woman in the neighboring apartment is shouting. Also, â€Å"If 40 vegetarians were studied and all were found to be introverts, one might conclude that all vegetarians are introverts. Similarly, all swans which have been observed are white in color. Likely, one can conclude that all swans are white† (Berg Latin, 200 8; Walliman Baiche, 2001) The value of inductive reasoning was revealed by Bacon in the 1600s. We will write a custom essay sample on Inductive and Deductive Reasoning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Inductive and Deductive Reasoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Inductive and Deductive Reasoning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the careful and systematic observation of the events in the world around us, many theories have been evolved to explain the rules of nature. Darwin’s theory of evolution and Mendel’s discovery of genetics are perhaps the most famous theories claimed (even by their authors) to be derived from inductive reasoning (Walliman Baiche, 2001). The formulation of theory from facts is also based on inductive reasoning because a generalization is made on a limited number of observations (Berg Latin, 2008). Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning was first developed by Ancient Greeks, and was refined by Aristotle through his deductive syllogisms. It is reverse of inductive reasoning. It produces from the general to the specific. An argument based on deduction begins with general statements and, through logical argument, comes to a specific conclusion. A syllogism is the simplest form of this kind of argument and consists of a major general premise (statement), followed by a minor, more specific premise and a conclusion which follows logically (Walliman Baiche, 2001; Berg Latin, 2008). According to American Psychological association (2009) â€Å"Deductive reasoning is the form of reasoning in which a conclusion is shown to follow necessarily from a sequence of premises, the first of which stands for a self-evident truth or agreed upon data. In empirical sciences, deductive reasoning underlies the process of deriving and predicting from general laws or theories† (p. 130). Occurrence of the word, ‘necessarily’ or ‘therefore’ is a sign that the argument is deductive. (Bell, Staines, Michell, 2001) Example: All live mammals breathe. This cow is a live mammal. Therefore, this cow breathes. One of the real advantages of structuring ideas deductively is that they state relationship among the concepts one is dealing. Once the major premise on which the argument rests is stated, certain values, assumptions and even logical truisms can be applied to the specific cases in minor premise. Deductive argument is an elegant way to justify a conclusion, even when it has been modified to lose the clean force of syllogism (Sprague, Stuart Bodary, 2010). For example, It has always been the goal of our social welfare system to help the recipients become self sufficient. Certain current programs encourage dependency and discourage initiative. Therefore, these programs should be changed. A good friend is a person who helps you reach your potential. Several people in this organization have helped me strive towards my potential. Therefore, as I say good-bye, I feel like I am leaving a number of good friends. (Sprague, Stuart Bodary, 2010) The application of research is also based on deductive reasoning. It may be assumed or deduced that what occurred in sample of subjects in a study may also occur in other people similar to the subjects. If estrogen replacement therapy was found in a study to increase bone density of postmenopausal women, one might deduce that a similar change might occur in one’s 60-year-old aunt and encourage her to see her physician about it (Berg Latin, 2008). When inductive and deductive reasoning were combined to form inductive/deductive reasoning, the to-and-fro process of developing hypothesis (testable theories) inductively form observations, chattering their implications by deduction, and testing them to refine or reject them in the light of the results, formed a powerful basis for the progress of knowledge, especially of scientific knowledge. Thus, it is the combination of experience with inductive and deductive reasoning which is the foundation of modern scientific research (Walliman Baiche, 2001).

The Judicial System essays

The Judicial System essays The writers of the US Constitution were determined to separate the powers of the federal government in to three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The prime function of the judicial branch is to interpret the law in such a way that rules made in the past can be applied reasonably in the present. This function gives the courts a role in policymaking. The Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and grants Congress the authority to establish lower federal courts. The United States has two different courts systems-the federal courts and the state courts. Federal courts make judgments in cases having to do with the U.S. Constitution or other federal law. They hear cases in which the U.S. is suing or prosecuting someone. They handle disputes between citizens of two different states and disputes involving foreign countries and U.S. citizens. Crimes that happen on ships at sea are called admiralty cases and are also held in federal court. Federal courts are set up on three levels. The lowest federal courts are the district courts, where most federal cases are heard first. The United States has 90 district courts. The Court of Appeals is the next highest in the federal court system. The Court of Appeals is divided into 11 circuits that cover all the states, territories, and possessions of the U.S. Defendants who are not satisfied with the decision of a district court can appeal to the court. The highest federal court is the Supreme Court. It consists of eight associate justices and one chief justice, appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Justices are appointed for life and their salaries cannot be lowered while they serve. These rules were established so that justices would be free from political pressures that might influence their decision. The court has two kinds of jurisdiction. In cases affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and in cases in which a state is one ...

Differing Learning Styles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Differing Learning Styles - Assignment Example This learning style is mostly exhibited by potential teachers and professors as teachers and professors are observed to find ease in teaching these kinds of students. Adeel being a vocal learner finds it easier to learn through vocal lectures given by teachers, he listen to them very carefully and absorb information that is provided to them through aural teaching. He even takes participation in discussions with other classmates and he can comfortably adjust in any student groups and teams. As proposed earlier, culture, race, ethnicity, gender are certain factors due to which the learning styles of these students vary from each other. For example: James is a male students and is more tech savvy and he can easily learn through presentations and computer aided learning material, while on the other hand Sarah is a girl and lacks in the area of learning through technology and she needs somebody to instruct her properly and help her understand different material thus she face difficulty in learning through technological resources. Teachers even face difficulty in teaching students that have different learning styles as certain student learn through certain methods (Robins, 2006, p.110). Thus teachers should construct teaching methods that can be help students from different backgrounds learn the same thing

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Essay Example The Europeans would transport manufactured commodities from Europe to Africa. These commodities included guns, metal items, cowrie shells, tobacco and clothes. Guns enhanced the expansion of empires and access of slaves from among Africans. European traders transported slaves to the Americas on ships across the Atlantic Ocean (Rawley and Stephen 35). Besides the initiatives that the Europeans took to get slaves, some Africans were more than willing to help in enslaving their fellow Africans. It was not hard for these Africans to do this because it was not their first time to deal with slaves. Even before the coming of the Europeans, there were Africans who had their own slaves.Also, some Africans had dealt in the slave trade with Islamic Arab merchants in North Africa from as early as 900. African traders would capture slaves, and transport them to seaports that were convenient for European traders (Lovejoy 23). If there were no people eligible for enslavement in their local communit ies, African traders would raid other communities. The Europeans then transported the slaves back to their homeland to work in their plantations. These activities are what made up the stages that made the Trans-Atlantic trade triangular. Notable occurrences marked the middle passage. The middle passage refers to the transport of slaves from Africa to America. It took the Europeans up to three months to get the slaves to the Americas. Slaves experienced many challenges all the way through the middle passage.... Besides the initiatives that the Europeans took to get slaves, some Africans were more than willing to help in enslaving their fellow Africans. It was not hard for these Africans to do this because it was not their first time to deal with slaves. Even before the coming of the Europeans, there were Africans who had their own slaves. Also, some Africans had dealt in the slave trade with Islamic Arab merchants in North Africa from as early as 900. African traders would capture slaves, and transport them to seaports that were convenient for European traders (Lovejoy 23). If there were no people eligible for enslavement in their local communities, African traders would raid other communities. The Europeans then transported the slaves back to their homeland to work in their plantations. These activities are what made up the stages that made the Trans-Atlantic trade triangular. Notable occurrences marked the middle passage. The middle passage refers to the transport of slaves from Africa to America. It took the Europeans up to three months to get the slaves to the Americas. Slaves experienced many challenges all the way through the middle passage. These challenges started with the slave ships carrying more slaves than their capacity could allow. Slaves were, therefore, congested in ships and had no choice but to live through immense fatigue and risk of contagious diseases. Many succumbed to diseases such as small pox and dysentery, and some captains would throw sick slaves into the ocean. Slaves endured the solar heat and the heat that came from their congestion. They put up with whipping, torture and abuse by the shipping crew. At some point, the slaves joined in resisting and revolting against mistreatment

Foreign language learners and spatial preposition Essay

Foreign language learners and spatial preposition - Essay Example They can also involve possession, like the word 'of' in this phrase 'The books of the school.' When prepositions take on a relational meaning it is common to encounter errors of omission, and errors of commission Errors of omission occur when foreign language learners, or growing children, "fail to use a preposition where one is called for (for example: 'Open keys!' 'Open it with keys!'). Errors like this are due to a lack between the ability to conceive of a certain relation (location, instrument, or direction), and the ability to express it." People learning English as a foreign language often have big problems finding the right English prepositions. These problems can be attributed to the fact that "there are different uses of prepositions in various languages around the world. For example: 'I talked to him.' vs 'Ich redete mit ihm.'// 'He believes in love.' vs 'Er glaubt an die Liebe." (Brala, M.) Most times, lexical items, which fall within prepositional categories are referred to as 'locatives'. This comes from a reflecting on the study of prepositions from two different perspectives: a) the grammatical, and b) the 'local' (semantically driven). "From the grammatical perspective, prepositions have, for a long time, been treated as merely 'an annoying little surface peculiarity' (Jackendoff, 1973 p. 345). This can be attributed to poor interest for the quality of the lexicographic portrayals of prepositional semantics, "which has been dangerously under-examined." (Lindstromberg, 2001) Also, in many languages, the information provided by a preposition is often coded in a noun inflection (an example of this is the ablative in Latin). It is a well known fact that "when it comes to mastering a foreign language one of the most troublesome areas to learn is the (idiomatic) usage of prepositions. Learning how to use prepositions correctly in a foreign language is a colossal task, one that is usually not accomplished way into the learning process, and one that many learners never manage to master thoroughly." (Brala, M. p.1) Examining language differences The Mother language of a foreign learner of English is called first language (L1), while the language to be learnt is called the target language or second language (L2). A shallow learning means relationship between letters and sounds. An English language learner will first be able to generate orthographic parts of more then one letter and then and face the problems in more complex words, because knowledge of just simple words is not sufficient for usage of the English language. In English the learner usually faces the problem with some irregular word that escapes phonemic assembly. In some readings a word might more then one spelling. In a comparative study that was carried out in 2003, to ascertain word differences in different languages, students from different countries were brought together in one class, and analysis showed that the English students exhibited a low lower grade of correct words as compared to

Workforce Planning

Workforce Planning Scenario: Thinking of brands with a prestige; Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy or LVMH is going to come in many peoples thoughts straight away. LVMH is a business organisation involved in many areas and in many countries specialized in luxury goods. In this report, the researcher as a human resource consultant in LVMH, professional consultation on various aspects of HR planning and development is needed. Task 1: Objectives: What is Workforce Planning Workforce planning at global level Purpose of HR planning in LVMH A plan is a process of doing something and the way of doing it. It is the middle stage of current state of affairs and the future state of affairs. Whereas, workforce planning is the process of pointing out what kind of human resource organization needs, to fulfil its goals and objectives. It determines the skill, knowledge and experience required for a given job. Workforce planning helps: Control employee costs Assess talent needs Cost effectiveness of employees Efficiency of employees Assess human capital needs and risks. Optimum performance, knowledge in different cultural, being pro-active are few reasons for workforce planning internationally. Above all language and culture which also include religion, peoples beliefs and traditional practices; are often considered as a major issue here. HR is planned at global level to increase their knowledge, skill and experience in different working environments. Globalisation has become a strong and challenging task for all the organisations. Organisations are expanding globally facing new challenges every moment. To cope up with this situation organisation needs more workforces who have experience at global level. Globalisation always creates pressure for the organisation but it is also fruitful for the organisation at a longer term as well. Due to limited funds in this recession, LVMH plans human resource to do the same amount of work but with limited or fewer staff members. It makes replacement easy to fill with appropriate Ready to Move candidate. Filling vacancies has always been very critical as lack of knowledge about the specific work and management and also lack of experience and competencies apply. HR planning in LVMH gives a clear picture of the expenditures going to incur to train and develop their staff for the next suitable task. Rapid technological change and reduced communication costs have increased international production in LVMH. Workforce planning does not always mean recruitment process. Hence, the purpose of workforce planning in LVMH at global level is very clear. Getting hold on English language as well as some international languages. Develop talent in working on a totally different environment. External and internal factors need to consider while working at global level. The different strategies and management practice needs to undertake while working at global level. (1)LVMH believes that the best way to develop its employees is not by formal training but international vertical, horizontal and geographical mobility within the organisation; LVMH case study. LVMH believes in practical training rather than theoretical approach, which can only be done in moving workforce across the globe. The senior employees get their chance first in global mobility. HR directors are the one who decides the potential candidate who is Ready to Move. Task 2: Objectives: What is International Recruitment Advantages of International Recruitment International Recruitment, is the most important HR function within LVMH. Recruitment is the most important aspect of human resource management. Whereas, International Recruitment means hiring or recruiting someone to work in the organisation at a global level. That person will have to be competent of international experience, knowledge and skill. He will have to be strong enough to face the global challenges and can lead the organisation in the global market. International recruitment process often depends on country of operation and is always very difficult to carry on. Language has always been a major drawback in international recruitment. As for company like LVMH they only recruit individual who can speak fluent English and also at least three different international languages to reduce their cost of training employees and increase staff efficiency in language point of view. International recruitment has various benefits; Experience: Person will be experienced enough to deal with international situation. Company can also be benefitted from the experience he can share. Efficiency: They will be efficient in understanding organisations structure and working methods; resulting time saving. Cost Effectiveness: Additional training in managing organisations globally or training in different languages is not required; thus saving staff training expenses. Cheap recruitment: Recruitment process is often cheap from hiring someone with international knowledge or experience, who would be able to manage the company well, rather than hiring employee from the home country. Savings in the salaries will be derived in this process. Culture: Knowledge in different culture of people can be studied and often counted as beneficial for the company. Corporate strategy of the business can be changed for greater good in order to maintain companys mission and achieve goals faster. Though LVMH is based in Paris, they are a global giant and is spread globally across three continent and among 58 countries worldwide. Their business has been divided into five different world zone across the globe which made international recruitment essential. The international recruitment process of LVMH benefits from all the advantages of international recruitment. Employees are moved globally to maintain the companys standards everywhere the same with its goal to fulfil and also their corporate mission (2)to represent the most refined qualities of western products around the world, LVMH group mission. As for LVMH international recruitment process is a very difficult HR functions as well. Often it is hard to find someone who is the right person, for a right task to perform in the right place of work. Their different cultural view make the company even hard to get benefitted from their involvement in planning and implementation of strategies. Recruitment is kind of a long term investment not in terms of asset but in terms of quality work to lead the company further to its values and mission. Thus it can be supported that international recruitment is a significant step in HR management within LVMH. Task 3: Objectives: What is international mobility Need for international mobility Importance of international mobility in LVMH International mobility means employee who are professional in any field of that company work in order to satisfy corporate and client needs in a different working area than its own. Often employees are transferred from one place to another around the world to make the company more virtual and certainly more widespread in the future. The faster growth of globalisation and the pressure to compete with its competitors, international mobility now take place in most of the big companies. International mobility is a combination of the points such as: Talent management: This is the process of selecting candidate, setting their objectives and identifying their individual role in retention strategies and repatriation planning. Reward aspects: This is the process of fixing base compensation and benefits; and their expatriate policy of a candidate. Procedural aspects: This consists of risk management which is nothing but immigration requirements and contractual arrangements; cost management and administering the international mobility process. Situations vary from company to company and with its HR policy to what extent international mobility is required. Massive company like LVMH, who performs around the world, international mobility also take place due to seasonal shortage of workforce in any particular country. Common holiday appeal is also a well known factor; as most employees want holiday during the summer school holiday period or in the Christmas time. During these periods of time, it is often wise for LVMH to transfer or appoint professionals in the same field but from different area into those places. This is only possible for internationally mobile workforce that a person in France can go for a summer holiday in July and in his place a person from Australia can join work, where he might need holiday in his summer time which is in December. Too many or too less professionals always create conflict in achieving tasks. Thus international mobility gives a chance to balance things accordingly. Due to recent fall in many luxury companies; LVMH is in lack of confidence in hiring new employee to follow new strategies. Rather they are into developing their market following their previous own strategies performed by existing employees which were proven to a success earlier. In this point financial factor is also a main problem as they are less likely to afford any new mistakes. Many people want to migrate to a different country to work. Thus companies face problems in finding themselves a skilled worker. A company like LVMH gives them the chance to migrate. However after certain time people want to come back to their home country to settle down which is also possible for employees in LVMH as international mobility is not always undertaken. People migrate for increased salary which might be far less to LVMH. A manager in the UK, and a manager in India, who are performing the same task same hours a week might have a huge difference among their salaries. In this way it is a savings for the company to achieve such employees. In todays crisis, it is difficult for the companies to find a good employee; therefore, nobody wants to leave their professionals. Therefore international mobility is a must for the company to run their business. For LVMH to succeed in its competitive market, they need to recruit internationally mobile employees to reach their target and objectives to fill their expected corporate goals. Task 4: Objectives: Career development and expatriate compensation scheme Benefits to the managers of LVMH from the scheme Benefits to LVMH from the scheme (3)The international mobility policy is part of a career development scheme, LVMH case study. LVMH has exciting career development prospects; as it does not provide high compensation levels to its expatriates, since the company is cutting its cost to be more cost efficient. Its vision is not to attract its employees by economic incentives, though LVMH pay a very high rate of salary. The employees receive their salaries according to the international standard rather than based on the country of work. LVMH also offer their employees the chance to perform their task with more freedom. Effectively employees get convinced to work outside from their home country due to various challenges he can undertake as well. The career development and expatriate compensation practice of LVMH is beneficial for both the company and its expatriates. As for its expatriates, the competitive raise in the salary after each year or a specified time, motivates them. Their salary is based according to the percentage of their expenditure and also 30% savings to their salary money to send back home. Expatriate receives a relocation allowance which is equivalent to a month of their gross salary prior to the arrival in the new country of work. Expatriates receives additional benefits such as paid education for their children, paid home leaves, temporary housing for up to a month, and also last but not least loans for housing deposits or purchasing automobile. Employees would not have to worry about their cost of moving as it is covered by LVMH. Employees get paid holidays depending on their home countrys labour law. Depending on the personnel and their job title, some of them receive much generous home leave allowance like travelling in the first class instead of economy class. Their security benefits would always remain the same as their home country; where LVMH sometimes end up paying a double contribution in the social security. LVMH provides huge benefits for its internationally mobile expatriates in healthcare. LVMH provides health insurance to approximately 95% of its employees and their family in the same standard as they can get in their home country. Life insurance and disability protection also proves that the level of cover is highly reputable. As for the company, LVMH often calculate the salary of its expatriates based on the home country. This provides the cost effectiveness of the company. Internationally mobile expatriates are a kind of investment in longer term for the company as future profit will be achieved through the successful completion of any international assignments. The various benefits of international mobility for a company apply in LVMH too. Employees who are motivated and work internationally brings extensive skill and knowledge to the company. Since, employees do not work in same country for a longer time, thus their efficiency level remains at its full all the time. Task 5: Objectives: Problems in Career development through international mobility Strategic consultation for LVMH LVMH offers a competitive rate of benefits to all its expatriates in career development through international mobility. As it has been mentioned in the earlier tasks, LVMHs policies of attracting its expatriates are very much different and broad from the other companies. For providing many facilities to its internationally mobile expatriates, LVMH also get highly skilled international manager with many years of experience in working at a global level. Due to its competitive rate of benefit offered to its expatriates, employees often get greedy and expect more from the company which may result conflict with the companys mission and objectives. They might start requesting for an early or frequent transfer to different countries to be eligible for the benefits. Some under-developed or developing country staff might want himself to settle down in the developed countries for greater good. Some people get very excited of the various benefits they are going to receive and thus do not concentrate on working effectively and efficiently, leaving companys purpose for international mobility undone. It could be suggested that LVMH can make a change in its recruitment policy. Candidates should get the job via several assessments: They should fit for the job applied Their previous references should be assessed Their quality of the idea for the job should be measured They should be hired for a probation period to carry out a task Based on the task completed they could be made a permanent staff They would not be entitled for the benefits as a temporary staff Further recommendations could be advertising the vacancies in public Medias. People often get attracted when they hear about vacancies. Prior to selection, candidates should be briefed about the job and its rewards. Employees should sometimes get the chance to work in their home country as well. Task 6: Objectives: Advantages of international transfer policy How employees could be motivated The international transfer department of LVMH makes the policy for international transfer. The policy then followed by the HR Directors to transfer LVMHs employees at a global level. Due to the different standards made by the department, it is often very easy to pick people who are eligible for an international transfer. The various benefits could be: Has an unique standard to assess the candidates Is fair for all HR Director cannot separate anyone from the policy Based on the potentiality of the candidate Information flow and is harmonised Maintaining the standards in the international transfer policy, the international transfer department refer LVMHs expatriates by gathering information about them from its wide international networks. Based on the references and recommendations to the HR Directors; the policy work as a helpful benchmark. International transfer policy strengthens the company by assisting companys HR teams. Employees can be motivated as it is a fair policy. Constant rise in international assignments need more international employees. Various benefits offered to the employees through international mobility are framed by the international transfer policy. It is an internal part of LVMHs management concept. (4)International transfer policy has a clear mandate to spread the groups key values which are preserving, autonomy and encouraging entrepreneurship; LVMH case study. It is a process of achieving future career development in LVMH. The mission and vision which are widely spread by the policy increase the level of motivations among the expatriates. Expansion in the policy could be developed due to the increased number of international transfers made. International transfer policy helps to achieve goals by motivating LVMHs expatriates to be effective in their task, and to complete it efficiently.

cloning Essay -- essays research papers

Since March 1997, the birth of a cloned sheep, named Dolly, has caused a great sensation around the world. The reason why Dolly shocked the world was that she was the first clone from a cell of an adult mammal: something scientists thought to be impossible. The cloning of a mammal cell meant that the possibility of cloning a human beings was increased. For fear human cloning, a lot of countries have taken necessary measures to regulate the study of it. We should ban human cloning because it has the possibility to reduce the value of human life: taking away individuality in our society. Richard Seed, a physicist who supports human cloning, said in a radio interview that he would open a clinic of human cloning for infertile people and make a big profit (Hotwired Japan). If human cloning were allowed there would be so many people just like Seed who would use cloning technology to make money. The business of operating the technology looks so profitable because there could be 100,000 or so women in the U.S. who would like a similar chance to use cloning to have their own babies. Probably, they do not care how much money they pay to have their own blood-related babies. Allowing human cloning creates a world where one could get life with money. Buying life reduce the value of it because we do not respect things which we can get easily. It could lead to the increase of murder. One day it might be possible that at a department Saavedra Page 2 store we can buy life that is labeled,... cloning Essay -- essays research papers Since March 1997, the birth of a cloned sheep, named Dolly, has caused a great sensation around the world. The reason why Dolly shocked the world was that she was the first clone from a cell of an adult mammal: something scientists thought to be impossible. The cloning of a mammal cell meant that the possibility of cloning a human beings was increased. For fear human cloning, a lot of countries have taken necessary measures to regulate the study of it. We should ban human cloning because it has the possibility to reduce the value of human life: taking away individuality in our society. Richard Seed, a physicist who supports human cloning, said in a radio interview that he would open a clinic of human cloning for infertile people and make a big profit (Hotwired Japan). If human cloning were allowed there would be so many people just like Seed who would use cloning technology to make money. The business of operating the technology looks so profitable because there could be 100,000 or so women in the U.S. who would like a similar chance to use cloning to have their own babies. Probably, they do not care how much money they pay to have their own blood-related babies. Allowing human cloning creates a world where one could get life with money. Buying life reduce the value of it because we do not respect things which we can get easily. It could lead to the increase of murder. One day it might be possible that at a department Saavedra Page 2 store we can buy life that is labeled,...

Chemistry Lab

The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The purpose of this lab was to see which solutions are soluble and which are not. We were able to see this by mixing certain solutions together and observing changes that occurred. The procedure for this experiment included a few different steps. The first steps were to add the nitrate solutions into the lettered parts of the 96-well plate.Once you were done with that, you were supposed to add the sodium solutions to the numbered parts of the 96-well plate, so that the solutions were added together. You were supposed to observe the different reactions occurring. Once you observed each reaction take place, you needed to fill out your data table. Data Table: Solubility Rules Table|Negative Ion (Anions)| Positive Ions (Cations)| Solubility ofCompounds| All negative ions are with| Alkali ions (Na)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| Hydrogen (H+)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| All positive ions| Soluble| Nitrate NO3- ions are with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Acetate CH COO- ions are 3with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Chloride, Cl-Bromide Br-Iodide I-| CuAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySolubleSoluble| Sulfate SO 2-4| BaAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySoluble| Sulfide S -2| All positive ions| Soluble| Hydroxide, OH-| Ba| Soluble|Phosphate PO 3-4Carbonate CO 2-3Sulfite, SO 2-3| H| Soluble| Once you recorded all of the data, there were a few questions that needed to be answered. A. Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. I would say that my results turned out pretty close to the rules in the text book. I observed many different reactions occurring. The colors of the solutions changed from clear to purple, from clear to blue and yellow, and from clear to a milky white color. There were also changes from a light yellow to a dark almost orange color. B.Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? My results do agree with my expectations, however, I wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t expecting all of the solutions to be soluble. C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Silver salts, Phosphates, Sulfides, Carbonates, Hydroxides. Exceptions include alkali metals. D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? Nitrates, Alkali metals, Ammonium salts, Halides, and Acetates. The exceptions include those mentioned above that would form precipitates. E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates?Na+ generally does not form precipitates. F. Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well A1 (Cu(NO3)2+3H2O )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well B1 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well C1 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)W ell D1 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well E1 (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well A5 Cu(NO3)2+3H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well B5 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(NaHCO3)Well C5 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(NaHCO3)Well D5 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well E5 To wrap things up, I found this lab to be easy but confusing at the same time. I am not sure my reactions were all correct because I thought there were supposed to be some that were insoluble, however, I observed reactions occur every time. I would suggest maybe providing better rules for the solubility table because I was a little bit confused with that at first as well. I enjoyed doing this lab, as I do every one, but there were parts of it that just confused me.

Battle of Berlin essays

Battle of Berlin essays Information: Should the Western Allies have pushed through Germany to Berlin in the final days of the war instead of deliberately allowing Soviet troops to come in from the East, thus ensuring Soviet domination not only of East Germany but also of all Eastern Europe? Research the various positions on this issue, including the differences of opinion within the U.S. government and military. The final days of the war happened during the battle of Berlin where the Western Allies fought with the Soviets and the Germans ruling the country. It was a three country battle to win Berlin coming from east, west and north. The Soviets came from the east and south side of Berlin since they planned to encircle the country and at that moment the Red Army of the Western Allies were beginning to move on the west side of Berlin. Adolf Hitler was in Berlin and his movement slowly collapsing. During the strike of the Western Allies, the president of United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, died. Hitler thought that the allies would withdraw their forces and leave the country. U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower thought of withdrawing the troops in Berlin for he did not want to battle the Western Allies with the Soviet troops. For the meantime, the Soviets aggressively move to Berlin and attacked, it was when Hitler realized that his plans were defeated and would remain in the country until the end. The German IX Army was the last troop that actively fought with the Soviets but with the move that the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Front was doing, they lost the battle. The Western Allies consists of Americans, British and French and they were determined to win the battle of Berlin but when the president of U.S. died, the sentiments of the troops weakened. If the allies continued with their ambition to attack the city of Berlin and fought with the Soviets, the war could have not been ended for the reason that the Soviets were willing to i...

How to Help an Attention-Seeking Child in the Classroom

How to Help an Attention-Seeking Child in the Classroom Its not uncommon for children in the classroom to do things to get your attention. Too much attention-seeking can be disruptive, causing trouble and creating distractions. The attention-seeking child will often interrupt a lesson by blurting something out. Their desire for attention is almost insatiable, so much so that the child often doesnt seem to care whether the attention they receive is positive or negative. In many cases, it doesnt even seem to matter how much attention you give them. The more you give, the more they seek. Causes of Attention-Seeking Behavior The attention-seeking child is in need of more attention than most. They seem to have something to prove and dont take as much pride intrinsically as they do extrinsically. This child may not have a sense of belonging. They may also suffer from low self-esteem, in which case they will need some help building their confidence. Sometimes, the attention-seeker is simply immature. If this is the case, adhere to the interventions below and the child will eventually outgrow their craving for attention. Interventions As a teacher, it is important to remain calm in the classroom even in the face of frustration. The attention-seeking child will always present challenges, and you must deal with them in an even-handed way. Remember that your ultimate goal is to help the child become confident and independent. When a childs attention-seeking becomes disruptive, sit down with them and explain that you have a number of children to work with each day. Provide them with a period of time that is just for them. Even a two-minute period before or after recess (a period where you can devote your attention exclusively to them) can be very helpful. When the child begs for attention, remind them of their scheduled time. If you stick with this strategy, you will find that it can be quite effective.Promote intrinsic motivation by asking the child to describe what they like about their work or how they performed. This is a great way to encourage self-reflection and help the child build confidence.Always commend the child on their improvement.During the childs special time, take time to boost their confidence by offering some inspiring words.Provide the child with responsibilities and a leadership role from time to time.Never forget that all children need to know that you care about them and that they ca n contribute in a positive way. It took the child a long time to become an extreme seeker of attention. Be patient and understand that it will take some time for them to unlearn this behavior. Remember that students, especially young students, dont always know what appropriate behavior is. Take time to teach them about appropriate interactions, responses, anger management, and other social skills. Use role-play and drama to help students understand other peoples feelings and perspectives.When you notice bullying, take the students involved aside and ask the bully to apologize directly to the victim. Hold students accountable for their harmful behavior.Have a zero-tolerance policy in place that is well understood.As much as possible, recognize and reward positive behavior.

Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macbeth - Essay Example This order doesn't seem to be something Duncan thought carefully about and seems to be a violation of justice in that Cawdor is denied a final defense. Macbeth's murder of the king reasserts justice for Cawdor, but it violates the justice of his society. Also, Duncan's actions are repeated by Macbeth when he orders the murder of Macduff’s family and the execution of Banquo. Because he has violated justice, Macbeth suffers mental torture that eventually leads to his own destruction. This illustrates how a king who resorts to violence as a means of asserting his power will be forced by his own nature to continue escalating his violent actions until he himself is destroyed. Macbeth’s elevation to Cawdor near the beginning of the play reinforces the witches' prediction and the idea that Macbeth is more committed to his own personal interests than he does to justice. This is a slowly developing process that begins when Macbeth writes to his wife about the prophecy and his pr omotion to Thane of Cawdor. Although he knows his only reason for moving against his king is â€Å"vaunting ambition, which o’erleaps itself† (I, vii, 25-27), Macbeth decides his commitment to Lady Macbeth and his greed is stronger than his commitment to the less tangible ideals of truth and justice that he's vowed to uphold. When Macbeth willingly participates in murder for his own welfare with no concern for the welfare of the realm, the consequences quickly escalate to massacres of perceived but often innocent enemies and the need for Macbeth to lie and deceive as a means of maintaining the perception others have of him. Because Macbeth has violated the rules of justice, he is unable to see innocence in friends and expects nothing from them but harm. His own violations force Macbeth to consider Banquo's possible schemes, leading him to order murder as a form of self-protection even though Banquo has sworn himself to secrecy after they meet with the witches: â€Å"I f you shall cleave to my consent, when ‘tis, / It shall make honor for you† (II, i, 25-26). When Banquo brings up the subject of the witches, Macbeth's betrayal causes him to assume Banquo will do the same. â€Å"Our fears in Banquo stick deep, / And in his royalty of nature reigns that / Which would be feared. ‘Tis much he dares; / And to that dauntless temper of his mind / He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor / To act in safety† (III, i, 49-54). Macbeth realizes that he has Banquo’s silence only as long as keeping silent benefits Banquo. While Macbeth wouldn't have seen Banquo as a threat had he acted in the name of justice, Macbeth's violation of justice makes him see Banquo as a threat that must be eliminated. This is highlighted by the fact that Banquo had no intention of doing anything to bring about Macbeth’s downfall since he was excited for the benefits to his own son from the prophecy. Because he can't depend on justice to give him success, Macbeth must again turn to the witches for advice. â€Å"I conjure you by that which you profess, / Howe’er you come to know it answer me †¦ Even till destruction sicken, answer me / To what I ask you† (IV, i, 50-51, 60-61). He realizes that these are creatures of evil, but he has already turned his back on justice and has no other resource to turn to. For their part, the witches drive Macbeth to further evil action in his seeking of Macduff,

Leaders are always accountable for failures or lack of achievement of Essay

Leaders are always accountable for failures or lack of achievement of their group - Essay Example a leader might suggest some ideas regarding the execution of a certain goal but the final decision comes from the leader after he has weighed all the pros and cons of a certain matter. The team members are dependant on the leader for instructions. Baerga (2008) states that it is very unusual for a project would result in failure in a matter of a day or two. It takes a number of elements and factors that direct the projects towards failures. It is primarily the job of a leader to monitor everything regularly to ensure that the project does not head towards failure. We shall be analyzing the role of a leader in an organization to further explain and justify the notion that leaders are responsible for all failure outcomes. Lash (2007) explains that there are many authoritative figures in an organizational setup; however the true description of a leader can fit the role of a team leader or product manager. We shall be analyzing different phases of a project in which the team leader will be seen responsible for any failure. When a company is contacted for some project, the top management of that organization will contact the team leader of the concerned team. Heldman (2002) defines that it is the job of the team leader to analyze the requirements of the client and judge if those requirements are feasible or not. There might be different types of feasibility analysis that he might perform: Bryce (2008) explains that the team leader should be able to identify if the scope of the project is achievable or if the client requires an unattainable result. This is the first step at which he shall be primarily responsible for the success or the failure of the project. If the team leader accepts an unachievable task then there are great chances that the project will fail. In this regard, it is best to contact the client and negotiate or discuss his demands. Bryce (2008) also states that the team leader is also responsible to judge if his team is technically capable of